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.  The malaria vector,  Anopheles stephensi , which is typically restricted to South Asia and the Middle East, was recently detected in the Horn of Africa. Addressing the spread of this vector could involve integrated vector control that considers the status of insecticide resistance of multiple vector species in the region. Previous reports indicate that the knockdown resistance mutations ( kdr ) in the voltage-gated sodium channel ( vgsc ) are absent in both pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-sensitive  An. stephensi  in eastern Ethiopia; however, similar information about other vector species in the same areas is limited. In this study,  kdr  and the neighboring intron were analyzed in  An. stephensi ,  An. arabiensis , and  Culex pipiens  s.l. collected between 2016 and 2017 to determine the evolutionary history of  kdr  in eastern Ethiopia. A sequence analysis revealed that all of  Cx. pipiens  s.l. ( N  = 42) and 71.6% of the  An. arabiensis  ( N  = 67) carried  kdr  L1014F, which is known to confer target-site pyrethroid resistance. Intronic variation was only observed in  An. stephensi  (six segregating sites, three haplotypes), which was previously shown to have no  kdr  mutations. In addition, no evidence of non-neutral evolutionary processes was detected at the  An. stephensi kdr  intron, thereby further supporting the target-site mechanism not being a major resistance mechanism in this  An. stephensi  population. Overall, these results show key differences in the evolution of target-site pyrethroid/dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance mutations in populations of vector species from the same region. Variations in insecticide resistance mechanism profiles between eastern Ethiopian mosquito vectors may lead to different responses to insecticides used in integrated vector control.

the american journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

Analysis of the Knockdown Resistance Locus (kdr) in Anopheles stephensi, An. arabiensis, and Culex pipiens s.l. for Insight Into the Evolution of Target-site Pyrethroid Resistance in Eastern Ethiopia