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This paper presents the results of atmospheric Sulfur dioxide (SO_2) column densities obtained from satellite observation over Pakistan during the time period of 2004-2012. The level-2 data product of the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument on-board ENVISAT-l is used. S02 column densities are retrieved by applying differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. The spatio-temporal distribution of SO_2 column densities along with the seasonal variation over main cities and regions of Pakistan are discussed. The Nabro volcano eruption in the year 2011 caused high SO_2 levels over East Africa, the Middle East and South and Southeast Asia. Satellite images exhibited several episodes of volcanic SO_2 column densities transported to Pakistan. The temporal trend in SO_2 column densities was calculated, and the significance of the data set was tested with statistical analysis. An overall increase of about 70% (8.7% per year) in SO_2 column densitiies over Pakistan during the time period of 2004-2012 has been calculated. This study presents the first spatial and temporal analyses of SO_2 column densities over Pakistan by using satellite observation.

Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Column Densities over Pakistan by Using SCIAMACHY Data