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Zinc is involved in a number of metabolic processes including the synthesis and action of insulin [1,2]. The primary inhibitor of zinc absorption is phytic acid (PA), which forms poorly soluble complexes with zinc and other minerals in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in their reduced absorption [3]. The inhibitory effect of PA can be estimated by the molar ratio of PA to zinc in the diet, and WHO has identified 3 grades (low, moderate, high) of zinc bioavailability based on the dietary PA:Zn molar ratio [4]. PA is abundant in unrefined cereals, pulses, and whole grains [5]. Pulses and cereals are major sources of zinc in many populations, and the co-existence of PA and zinc in these staple foods explains much of the association between suboptimal zinc status and plant-based diets. Unrefined pulses, cereals, and whole grains are, in addition, important food sources of dietary fibre. The consumption of a diet that is rich in dietary fibre is recommended as part of healthy eating guidelines and in the dietary management of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Dietary fibre has been shown to decrease plasma cholesterol concentrations and improve glycaemic control [6], and moderate obesity by altering energy expenditure and substrate oxidation [7]. Whilst these outcomes are advantageous in maintaining health and managing disease risk, the presence of PA in fibre-rich foods is likely to lower the bioavailability of zinc in populations that are already at risk of zinc deficiency. The importance of zinc in numerous biological processes and the significant contribution of zinc to the global burden of disease suggest that it warrants special attention when evaluating the nutritional adequacy of therapeutic diets.

Zinc and Dietary Fibre: Competing Nutrients in the Management of Chronic Diseases