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Working females in hospitals may inhale pharmaceutical agents, chirurgical smokes, organic solvents, bacteria and/or viruses. These inhaled agents may generate adverse effects in gravid females, their embryo or fetus. Therefore, minute ventilation rates (VE) during the aggregate daytime activities of under (n=68), normal (n=268), overweight (n=42), obese class 1 (n=68) and classes 2-3 (n=51) females working in hospitals were determined before and during their pregnancy using published measurements of energy expenditures. For comparison purposes, VE values were also calculated for the same females at rest. Activity energy expenditures were based on disappearance rates of oral doses of water isotopes (i.e. 2H2O, H2 18O) monitored in urine samples of free-living hospital workers during 175 days by gas-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Basal energy expenditures were obtained by indirect calorimetry, whereas energy costs for pregnancy were measured in a room calorimeter. Sleep durations (7.30 ± 1.59 to 8.09 ± 1.25 hours/ day; mean ± standard deviation) and ventilatory equivalents (31.7 ± 0.93 to 39.3 ± 3.3 L of air inhaled/L of oxygen consumed) during pregnancy were determined and integrated into the calculation process. Based on VE percentiles some non-pregnant and pregnant female workers inhale more air (thus more air pollutants), than the default VE value of 20.83 L/min (i.e. 10 m3 in an 8 hour workday) notably used for calculations of hygienic standards for airborne xenobiotics. Highest 99th percentiles of 34.28, 29.27 26.49 and 29.52 L/min were found in obese classes 2-3 female workers, before their pregnancy and at their 9th, 22nd and 36th week of gestation, respectively. Considering what precedes and the fact that the human chorionic gonadotropin is detected in the blood or urine samples of women after the implantation of their blastocyst, which occurs many days after fertilization, the non-exposure of female workers to teratogenic agents in hospitals is recommended before and during their pregnancy. The same applies for the exposure to carcinogens which may generate procarcinogenic DNA damage in the fetus.

journal of clinical toxicology

Ventilation Rates during the Aggregate Daytime Activities of Working Females in Hospitals: Data before their Pregnancy and at their 9th, 22nd and 36th Week of Gestation