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Effector function of T cells in autoimmune diabetes has been widely studied with mixed populations of lymphoid T cells stimulated ex vivo, but this approach does not permit evaluation of the contribution by a single T cell clone in the inflammatory site during pathogenesis. We have investigated cytokine production both in vitro and in vivo in a panel of diabetogenic CD4 Th1 T cell clones derived from the NOD mouse. SuperArray analysis showed a common pattern of mRNA expression for inflammatory cytokines and receptors in vitro after TCR stimulation. Ex vivo intracellular cytokine staining demonstrated that two important inflammatory cytokines, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, were being made by these T cells recovered from the pancreas 6 days following adoptive transfer. TNF-alpha produced in the pancreas by pathogenic T cell clones and recruited macrophages was not the membrane-bound form. Secreted TNF-alpha can lead to production of multiple inflammatory chemokines, as were observed in the pathogenic clones by intracellular cytokine staining. Our results not only define the nature of an inflammatory cytokine response critical to development of diabetes, but also suggest its role in the regulation of other events during pathogenesis induced by CD4 T cells. Similar analyses in other models demonstrated that disease induced by CD4 T cell clones closely resembles spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in which both CD4 and CD8 T cells are required. Thus, cloned T cells in effect amplify effector function of T cells which otherwise may be difficult to detect without ex vivo stimulation.

Effector Function of Diabetogenic CD4 Th1 T Cell Clones: A Central Role for TNF-α