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Electroplated nickel coatings provide ductility, excellent corrosion resistance and goodwear resistance, which qualifies them to meet complex demands of engineering, microtechnologyand microelectronics. The co-deposition of particles is a promising alternative to deposit layers withadequate microstructure and properties avoiding the rise of residual stress. The incorporation of thesufficient quantity of particles, monodisperse distribution and downsizing to nanometre scale affectthe amount of strengthening by dispersion hardening. To avoid agglomeration in the electroplatingbath as well as in the layer is a challenge which has been met by simple Watts nickel electrolytewith a minimum of organic additives and adequate bath agitation comprising sonication, i.e. theexposure of the bath to high-frequency sound waves.Well-dispersed hard particles (titanium oxide and silicon carbide) were incorporated in nickelfilms. The focus was set on the correlation between the gained microstructure of the compositeswith particles from micron to nanometre scale and the electrochemical and mechanical properties.Corrosion was quantified from polarisation curves and volumetric erosion measurements. Wearresistance was evaluated by scratch energy density studies, oscillating sliding wear testing andcavitation wear testing and compared to indentation hardness results.Sonication and particle downsizing result in matrix grain refinement and dispersion hardening.Incorporation of different particles with respect to different material and size proved to meetdifferent demands. Submicron TiO2 is best for high corrosion resistance, sonicated nickel withoutparticle incorporation is best for high abrasion resistance, nano TiO2 is best for oscillating slidingwear resistance and submicron SiC is best for cavitation wear resistance.

Electroplated Nickel Composites with Micron- to Nano-Sized Particles