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In recent years the shift from make-to-market to make-to-order production has had a major influence on corporate strategies. The integration of the customer into the company is becoming more important for production companies as well as for service companies. A fast time-to-market and a high flexibility towards customer requirements are essential conditions to survival. Modern companies must consider the desires of individual customers, especially where products are concerned. Therefore, a modern configuration approach is necessary for improved customer orientation. In this work, a method for splitting the entire product configuration process into three stages is developed. The Specification Mapping stage maps functional requirements to structural data, the Technical Configuration stage determines a set of final products and checks consistency, and the Optimization stage decides on an optimal product. The Specification Mapping stage is the most important for the integration of applicationoriented customer knowledge. Since the Specification Mapping is neglected in most existing configuration systems, a configuration data model in which functional, application-oriented knowledge is integrated has been developed. This model covers all knowledge that is used in the Specification Mapping. Based on the model a rule-based approach for solving a Specification Mapping problem has been developed. Since the task is data-driven, the preferred inference strategy is forward chaining. The main subtasks that have to be taken into account are value assertions for a set of essential parameters, the detection of contradictions in the customer's requirements, and the exhaustive use of knowledge must be guaranteed to infer as much structural data as possible from the functional input. A major problem in the Specification Mapping stage is that vague knowledge appears frequently in individual customer requirements as well as in product expert knowledge. Since both types of uncertainty are linguistic, fuzzy logic is used for integrating vague knowledge into the Specification Mapping system. Therefore, vague knowledge is also integrated into the configuration data model, and linguistic variables with associated linguistic terms have to be defined. Another theme of this work is that the Specification Mapping approach is applicable for service products as well as for engineering products. The similarity of both types of products with regard to configuration is shown. Since for some service products the product structure is simpler but the functional requirements are more complex, the Specification Mapping stage is even more important. Furthermore, the input to service product specifications is commonly "vague knowledge". As an example, the configuration of an individual bank credit is described. An implementation guideline for putting a Specification Mapping system into practise is described. It covers steps that have to be executed and discusses the personnel who would be responsible for them. A prototype system for the examples of bicycle and individual bank credit configurations has been implemented with the expert system shell FuzzyCLIPS.

Configuration of Multiple-Variant Products: Application orientation and Vagueness in Customer Requirements: application orientation and vagueness in customer requirements