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* Correspondence: ozlem.cakici@ege.edu.tr Although insects do not have an acquired immune system, they have a well-developed innate response (Lavine and Strand, 2002). The protection against infections first begins with some barriers including the integument, gut, and trachea (Tsakas and Marmaras, 2010; Stanley et al., 2012; Hillyer, 2016). On the other hand, hemocytes in the hemolymph are responsible for defense reactions to clear pathogens from circulation (Jalali and Salehi, 2008; Hillyer, 2015; League and Hillyer, 2016). Cellular components of immunity include phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. Humoral components of immunity include induced expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and activation of complex enzymatic cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of the hemolymph, pathogen recognition, and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids are of high importance in innate immune responses (Vilmos and Kurucz, 1998; Strand, 2008; Tsakas and Marmaras, 2010; Stanley et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2013). The first population of circulating hemocytes in insect development is composed of head or dorsal mesoderm during embryogenesis. On the other hand, a second population is composed of mesodermally derived hematopoietic organs during the larval or nymphal stages (Strand, 2008). However, Duressa et al. (2015) reported that the main sources of new hemocyte production are circulating hemocytes in adult locusts while hematopoietic tissue has primarily phagocytic activity rather than a hematopoietic nature. The fat body is a main site for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides (Hoffmann, 2003; Tsakas and Marmaras, 2010). Because of both economic and ethical problems with the use of vertebrates in biomedical studies, insects are of great importance for toxicological preclinical studies. Hematology is a substantial part of preclinical studies (Berger et al., 2003; Berger and Slavickova, 2008). In the invertebrate immune system, hemocyte response is a very important component of the defense mechanism (Wu et al., 2016). According to the literature, prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, adipocytes, and oenocytoids are the most common types of hemocytes in insects. Their properties may show slight variations in various insects (Berger and Slavickova, 2008). There are some studies recognizing hemocyte types in different insect orders. Considering this, the aim of this study was to determine the hemocyte types together with their measurements in some orthopteran species including Eupholidoptera smyrnensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, Abstract: In the present study, the species Eupholidoptera smyrnensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), Decticus verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), and Glyphotmethis spp. (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae) were studied in order to determine hemocyte types. To that end, hemolymph smear preparations were stained using Wright’s stain. According to light microscopic examinations, five hemocyte types, prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and oenocytoids, were determined in each species. Prohemocytes are basic and the smallest cell type in the hemolymph. Plasmatocytes show polymorphism and they may have pseudopodia. Granulocytes are characterized by granules in their cytoplasm. Spherulocytes typically include spherical vacuoles. Oenocytoids are the largest cells among hemocyte types. These hemocyte types have similar characteristics in all examined species. Hemocyte measurements were also made. According to these measurements, E. smyrnensis hemocytes were smaller than those of Decticus verrucivorus and Glyphotmethis spp. Although included in different families, the two closest species in terms of hemocyte size were D. verrucivorus and Glyphotmethis spp.

Morphological characterization of hemocyte types in some species belonging to Tettigoniidae and Pamphagidae (Insecta: Orthoptera)