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The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effects of breed, parity, and season on the reproductive parameters in bitches reared under a temperate climate. Breeding and pregnancy statuses, proestrus, estrus, and pregnancy durations, litter size, and cycle interval were recorded from German shepherds (GS, n = 34), Labrador retrievers (LA, n = 23), Belgian Malinois dogs (BM, n = 13), and Pointers (PO, n = 9) up to 10th parities. The mean age at first breeding (464.8 ± 26.2 days, mean ± SD) and the pregnancy rate (74.6%) were not different among breeds. The pregnancy duration was shortened as the number of puppies born increased in each whelping (P 0.05). Reproductive parameters varied among the GS, LA, BM, and PO bitches reared in Turkey. The effect of seasonal variation was negligible.

Breed, parity, and cycle season effects on life-timereproduction in bitches: a retrospective study