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The genus    Avicularia    Lamarck, 1818 is revised and all species are rediagnosed. The type species, described as    Aranea   avicularia    Linnaeus, 1758, is the oldest mygalomorph species described and its taxonomic history is extensive and confusing. Cladistic analyses using both equal and implied weights were carried out with a matrix of 46 taxa from seven theraphosid subfamilies, and 71 morphological and ecological characters. The optimal cladogram found with Piwe and concavity = 6 suggests    Avicularia    and   Aviculariinae   are monophyletic. Subfamily   Aviculariinae   includes    Avicularia    Lamarck, 1818,    Typhochlaena    C. L. Koch, 1850,    Tapinauchenius    Ausserer, 1871,    Stromatopelma    Karsch, 1881,    Ephebopus    Simon, 1892,    Psalmopoeus    Pocock, 1895,    Heteroscodra    Pocock, 1899,    Iridopelma    Pocock, 1901,    Pachistopelma    Pocock, 1901,    Ybyrapora    gen. n. ,    Caribena    gen. n. , and    Antillena    gen. n.  The clade is supported by well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, greatly extended laterally.    Avicularia    synapomorphies are juveniles bearing black tarsi contrasting with other lighter articles; spermathecae with an accentuated outwards curvature medially, and male palpal bulb with embolus medial portion and tegulum’s margin form an acute angle in retrolateral view.    Avicularia    is composed of twelve species, including three new species:    Avicularia   avicularia    (Linnaeus, 1818),    Avicularia   glauca    Simon, 1891,    Avicularia   variegata    (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) stat. n.,    A.   minatrix    Pocock, 1903,    Avicularia   taunayi    (Mello-Leitão, 1920),    Avicularia   juruensis    Mello-Leitão, 1923,    Avicularia   rufa    Schiapelli &amp; Gerschman, 1945,    Avicularia   purpurea    Kirk, 1990,    A.   hirschii    Bullmer et al. 2006,    Avicularia   merianae    sp. n. ,    A.   lynnae    sp. n. , and    A.   caei    sp. n. .    Avicularia    species are distributed throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Three new genera are erected to accommodate former    Avicularia    species:    Caribena    gen. n. , composed of    Caribena   laeta    (C. L. Koch, 1842),  comb. n.  and    Caribena   versicolor    (Walckenaer, 1837),  comb. n. ;    Antillena    gen. n. , with a single species,    Antillena   rickwesti    (Bertani &amp; Huff, 2013),  comb. n. , both from the Caribbean; and    Ybyrapora    gen. n. , composed of    Ybyrapora   sooretama    (Bertani &amp; Fukushima, 2009),  comb. n. ,    Ybyrapora   gamba    (Bertani &amp; Fukushima, 2009),  comb. n.  and    Ybyrapora   diversipes    (C. L. Koch, 1842),  comb. n.  from Brazilian rainforest. The subspecies    Avicularia   avicularia   variegata    F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 is elevated to species status, resulting in the combination    Avicularia   variegata    (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896)  stat. n. . The following new synonymies are established:    Avicularia   velutina    Simon 1889 ,    Avicularia   exilis    Strand, 1907,    Avicularia   ancylochyra    Mello-Leitão, 1923,    Avicularia   cuminami    Mello-Leitão, 1930, and    Avicularia   nigrotaeniata    Mello-Leitão, 1940 are junior synonyms of    A.   avicularia  ;   Avicularia   bicegoi    Mello-Leitão, 1923 is a junior synonym of    A.   variegata    stat. n. , and    Avicularia   urticans    Schmidt, 1994 is a junior synonym of    Avicularia   juruensis    Mello-Leitão, 1923. Species transferred to other genera:    Avicularia   affinis    (Nicolet, 1849) is transferred to    Euathlus    Ausserer, 1875, making the new combination    Euathlus   affinis    (Nicolet, 1849),  comb. n. ;    Avicularia   subvulpina    Strand, 1906 is transferred to    Grammostola    Simon, 1892, making the new combination    Grammostola   subvulpina    (Strand, 1906),  comb. n. ;    Avicularia   aymara    (Chamberlin, 1916) is transferred to    Thrixopelma    Schmidt, 1994, making the new combination    Thrixopelma   aymara    (Chamberlin, 1916),  comb. n. ;    Avicularia   leporina    (C. L. Koch, 1841) and    Avicularia   plantaris    (C. L. Koch, 1842) are transferred to    Iridopelma    Pocock, 1901, making the new combinations    Iridopelma   leporina    (C. L. Koch, 1841),  comb. n.  and    Iridopelma   plantaris    (C. L. Koch, 1842),  comb. n. ; the two last species are considered  nomina dubia . The following species are considered  nomina dubia :    Avicularia   hirsutissima    (C. L. Koch, 1842)  nomen dubium ;    Ischnocolus   hirsutum    Ausserer, 1875  nomen dubium ;    Ischnocolus   gracilis    Keyserling, 1891  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   arabica    (Strand, 1908)  nomen dubium ;    Araneus   hirtipes    (Fabricius, 1787)  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   ochracea    (Perty, 1833)  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   walckenaerii    (Perty, 1833)  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   testacea    (C. L. Koch, 1841)  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   detrita    (C. L. Koch, 1842)  nomen dubium ;    Ischnocolus   doleschalli    Ausserer, 1871  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   metallica    Ausserer, 1875  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   rapax    (Ausserer, 1875)  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   holmbergi    Thorell, 1890  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   aurantiaca    Bauer, 1996  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   azuraklaasi    Tesmoingt, 1996  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   huriana    Tesmoingt, 1996  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   ulrichea    Tesmoingt, 1996  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   braunshauseni    Tesmoingt, 1999  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   geroldi    Tesmoingt, 1999  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   soratae    Strand, 1907  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   fasciculata    Strand, 1907  nomen dubium ;    Avicularia   fasciculata   clara    Strand, 1907  nomen dubium ; and    Avicularia   surinamensis    Strand, 1907  nomen dubium .    Avicularia   vestiaria    (De Geer, 1778) is considered  nomen nudum . Keys are provided for identification of all aviculariine genera, as well as to    Avicularia   ,    Caribena    gen. n. ,    Ybyrapora    gen. n.  and    Antillena    gen. n.  species. Maps with records and information on species habitat are also presented. Lectotypes are newly designed for    A.   avicularia   ,    A.   variegata    stat. n. ,    A.   juruensis   ,    C.   laeta    comb. n. ,    E.   affinis    comb. n.  and a neotype is established for    C.   versicolor    comb. n.

zookeys

Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of    Avicularia    Lamarck, 1818 (  Araneae  ,   Theraphosidae  ,   Aviculariinae  ) with description of three new aviculariine genera