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The generic taxonomy and host specialization of   Xenidae   have been understood differently by previous authors. Although the recent generic classification has implied a specialization on the level of host families or subfamilies, the hypothesis that each xenid genus is specialized to a single host genus was also previously postulated. A critical evaluation of the classification of the genera of   Xenidae   is provided here based on morphology in accordance with results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies. External features of the female cephalothoraces and male cephalothecae were documented in detail with different techniques. Diagnoses and descriptions are presented for all 13 delimited genera. The earliest diverging genera are usually well characterized by unique features, whereas deeply nested genera are usually characterized by combinations of characters. Three new genera are described:    Sphecixenos    gen. nov. ,    Tuberoxenos    gen. nov. , and    Deltoxenos    gen. nov.  Five previously described genera are removed from synonymy:    Tachytixenos    Pierce, 1911,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos    Kogan &amp; Oliveira, 1966,  stat. res. ;    Leionotoxenos    Pierce, 1909,  stat. res. ;    Eupathocera    Pierce, 1908,  stat. res. ; and    Macroxenos    Schultze, 1925,  stat. res.  One former subgenus is elevated to generic rank:    Nipponoxenos    Kifune &amp; Maeta, 1975,  stat. res.    Monobiaphila    Pierce, 1909,  syn. nov.  and    Montezumiaphila    Brèthes, 1923,  syn. nov.  are recognized as junior synonyms of    Leionotoxenos    Pierce, 1909,  stat. res.    Ophthalmochlus    Pierce, 1908,  syn. nov. ,    Homilops    Pierce, 1908,  syn. nov. ,    Sceliphronechthrus    Pierce, 1909,  syn. nov. , and   Ophthalmochlus  ( Isodontiphila )  Pierce, 1919,  syn. nov.  are recognized as junior synonyms of    Eupathocera    Pierce, 1908,  stat. res.  A preliminary checklist of 119 described species of   Xenidae   with information on their hosts and distribution is provided. The following 14 species are recognized as valid and restituted from synonymy:    Tachytixenos   indicus    Pierce, 1911,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   acinctus    Kogan &amp; Oliveira, 1966,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   araujoi    (Oliveira &amp; Kogan, 1962),  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   bahiensis    Kogan &amp; Oliveira, 1966,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   brasiliensis    Kogan &amp; Oliveira, 1966,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   fluminensis    Kogan &amp; Oliveria, 1966,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   myrapetrus    Trois, 1988,  stat. res. ;    Brasixenos   zikani    Kogan &amp; Oliveira, 1966,  stat. res. ;    Leionotoxenos   hookeri    Pierce, 1909,  stat. res. ;    Leionotoxenos   jonesi    Pierce, 1909,  stat. res. ;    Leionotoxenos   louisianae    Pierce, 1909,  stat. res. ;    Eupathocera   luctuosae    Pierce, 1911,  stat. res. ;    Eupathocera   lugubris    Pierce, 1909,  stat. res. ;    Macroxenos   piercei    Schultze, 1925,  stat. res.  New generic combinations are proposed for 51 species:    Leionotoxenos   arvensidis    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   bishoppi    (Pierce, 1909),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   foraminati    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   fundati    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   huastecae    (Székessy, 1965),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   itatiaiae    (Trois, 1984),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   neomexicanus    (Pierce, 1919),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   prolificum    (Teson &amp; Remes Lenicov, 1979),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   robertsoni    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   tigridis    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Leionotoxenos   vigili    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   argentina    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   auripedis    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   bucki    (Trois, 1984),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   duryi    (Pierce, 1909),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   erynnidis    (Pierce, 1911),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   fasciati    (Pierce, 1909),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   fuliginosi    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   inclusa    (Oliveira &amp; Kogan, 1963),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   insularis    (Kifune, 1983),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   mendozae    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   piercei    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   striati    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   taschenbergi    (Brèthes, 1923),  comb. nov. ;    Eupathocera   westwoodii    (Templeton, 1841),  comb. nov. ;    Macroxenos   papuanus    (Székessy, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   abbotti    (Pierce, 1909),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   astrolabensis    (Székessy, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   dorae    (Luna de Carvalho, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   erimae    (Székessy, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   esakii    (Hirashima &amp; Kifune, 1962),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   gigas    (Pasteels, 1950),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   kurosawai    (Kifune, 1984),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   laetum    (Ogloblin, 1926),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   orientalis    (Kifune, 1985),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   reticulatus    (Luna de Carvalho, 1972),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   simplex    (Székessy, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Sphecixenos   vanderiisti    (Pasteels, 1952),  comb. nov. ;    Tuberoxenos   altozambeziensis    (Luna de Carvalho, 1959),  comb. nov. ;    Tuberoxenos   sinuatus    (Pasteels, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Tuberoxenos   sphecidarum    (Siebold, 1839),  comb. nov. ;    Tuberoxenos   teres    (Pasteels, 1950),  comb. nov. ;    Tuberoxenos   tibetanus    (Yang, 1981),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   bequaerti    (Luna de Carvalho, 1956),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   bidentatus    (Pasteels, 1950),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   hirokoae    (Kifune &amp; Yamane, 1992),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   iwatai    (Esaki, 1931),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   lusitanicus    (Luna de Carvalho, 1960),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   minor    (Kifune &amp; Maeta, 1978),  comb. nov. ;    Deltoxenos   rueppelli    (Kinzelbach, 1971a),  comb. nov. ;    Xenos   ropalidiae    (Kinzelbach, 1975),  comb. nov.    Xenos   minor    Kinzelbach, 1971a,  syn. nov.  is recognized as a junior synonym of    X.   vesparum    Rossi, 1793.    Ophthalmochlus   duryi    Pierce, 1908,  nomen nudum  and    Eupathocera   lugubris    Pierce, 1908,  nomen nudum  are recognized as nomina nuda and therefore unavailable in zoological nomenclature. The species diversity of   Xenidae   probably remains poorly known: the expected number of species is at least twice as high as the number presently described.

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﻿A generic classification of   Xenidae   (  Strepsiptera  ) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species

﻿A generic classification of Xenidae ( Strepsiptera ) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species

A generic classification of Xenidae ( Strepsiptera ) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species