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The fish fauna from the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries upstream of the Iguaçu Falls, the last free-flowing river stretch, were investigated. Twenty five sites in tributaries and the main channel were sampled between 2010 and 2016 using several kinds of fishing gear. The species were categorized according to their size, origin, and conservation status. Species richness and abundance in the main channel and tributaries were compared. In total, 87,702 specimens were recorded, comprising 76 species, 25 families, 53 genera, and eight orders.   Characiformes   and   Siluriformes   were the richest orders, representing 92% of the total specimens;   Characidae  ,   Cichlidae  ,   Pimelodidae  , and   Loricariidae   were the richest families. The fish fauna was composed of small and medium-sized species and included endemic (42%), autochthonous (24%), allochthonous (21%), and exotic (9%) species, as well as hybrids (4%). Significant differences in the relative numerical abundance of species were found among sites.    Ancistrus   mullerae    and    Rhamdia   branneri    (endemic) were indicator species for tributaries inside of Iguaçu National Park ( INP ), while    Phalloceros   harpagos    (autochthonous) and    Ictalurus   punctatus    (exotic) for tributaries outside of  INP  and    Odontesthes   bonariensis    (allochthonous) for the main channel. The last dam-free stretch of the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries upstream the Iguaçu Falls exhibits a rich endemic fish fauna, including some rare, endangered species (   Steindachneridion   melanodermatum   ,    Gymnogeophagus   taroba   , and    Psalidodon   gymnogenys   ). These findings are essential to predict and understand the effects caused by the new Baixo Iguaçu Hydroelectric Power Plant and highlight the importance of tributaries and Iguaçu National Park for conservation of endemic species.

Ichthyofauna in the last free-flowing river of the Lower Iguaçu basin: the importance of tributaries for conservation of endemic species