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Coffee is a kind of daily beverage, and its correlation with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis is still debatable. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of  Amstirdam  coffee extract ( ACE ) on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) and the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis mouse models. The study used 25 Swiss male mice for five groups (n = 5): healthy mice fed a normal diet (N); mice fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet ( HFFD ); mice fed  HFFD  and treated with  ACE  at doses of 104 (D1), 520 (D2), and 5200 mg/kg BW (D3). The levels of  Lp-PLA2 , regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD4 + CD25 + CD62L + , CD4 + CD25 +  IL -10 + , CD4+CD25+TGF-+),  IL -10 (CD4+ IL -10+), and  TGF-B  (CD4+TGF+) were analyzed using a flow cytometer. Histological analysis of the mouse aorta was done by hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) staining. This study indicated a significant increase in total cholesterol ( TC ), triglyceride ( TG ),  LDL , and  Lp-PLA2  levels in the  HFFD  group.  HFFD  also reduced  HDL ,  IL -10, and TGF produced by CD4 and Tregs compared with the normal group.  ACE  at all doses significantly reduced  Lp-PLA2  levels compared with the  HFFD  group (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, the administration of 520 mg/kg BW  ACE  (D2) increased the production of  IL -10 significantly compared to other doses (p &lt; 0.05). The D3 group possessed a high TGF- production and Treg expression level significantly different between groups (p &lt; 0.05). Foam cells were mostly found in the aorta of the  HFFD  group compared to the normal and  ACE  treatment groups. This study suggested that  ACE  could reduce  Lp-PLA2  enzyme activity and foam cell formation through the immunosuppressive activity of  IL -10 and TGF cytokines.

Amstirdam coffee ameliorates Lp-PLA2 and the inflammatory response in an atherosclerosis rats