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AbstractBeach-dune systems are among the most dynamic and sensitive elements of coastal ecosystems in the world. They represent an intersection between human activities, flora, fauna and economic interests in tourism. The Bulgarian Black Sea shoreline spans 518.7 km and comprises 131 km (25%) of the depositional coast, including beaches and 46 dune systems. Over the past three decades, heavy anthropogenic impacts have been observed, significantly altering the cleanliness of the beach-dune systems along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast ( BBSC ). The research initially began as an initial assessment of macrolitter on dunes ( MLD ) using Unmanned Aerial Systems ( UAS ). However, due to concerning data obtained in the first year, it transitioned into a mid-term monitoring program conducted between 2018 and 2022. The baseline assessment is based on a visual census,  UAS  mapping and manual image screening procedure in a GIS environment for litter mapping in 40 areas of litter monitoring ( ALMs ) along the Bulgarian Coast. Throughout the five-year monitoring period, the most abundant type of  MLD  was “Artificial polymer materials,” accounting for 83.4% of the total number, followed by “Paper/Cardboard” (6.2%), “Glass/Ceramics” (2.8%), “Metal” (2.8%), “Processed/Worked wood” (1.83%), “Rubber” (1.29%), and “Cloth/Textile” (1.17%). Generally, 95% of the total litter amount was assessed from Land-based sources and 5% from Sea-based sources. The COVID-19 pandemic indirectly affected the cleanliness of the Bulgarian dunes due to restrictions on foreign travel, which increased the domestic tourist pressure on the Bulgarian beaches, resulting in a more significant amount of waste accumulating on the beaches and dunes. The abundance experienced an increase of 39% between 2018 and 2021. A similar upward trend (+41%) was observed in the density of macrolitter on the dunes. Based on visual census data, the average density was estimated to be 0.54 ± 0.35 items/m 2 . The spatial distribution of  MLD  is a complex combination of anthropogenic impact and wind processes that affect various eco-geomorphological elements of the beach-dune system. The embryonic dunes retained only 16% of the total items (Dav: 0.32 ± 0.12 items/m 2 ). The highest litter density was registered on the foredunes (Dav: 0.71 ± 0.21 items/m 2 ; 28% of total items). The backdunes contained the highest litter abundance, accounting for 55% in larger areas (Dav:0.59 items/m 2 ). Density litter maps established that dune vegetation acted as a natural trap, retaining 40% more macrolitter compared to areas without dune plants. A Clean Dune Index ( CDI ) was developed to evaluate the cleanliness of Bulgarian dunes. Based on aggregated  CDI  data for 2018–2022, the cleanliness of the dunes along the Bulgarian Coast was categorised as “moderate” (CDIav:10.89). Dune systems near the most visited resorts were classified as “extremely dirty”, with the highest  CDI  values recorded at Kavatsite (27.22), Nessebar – South (25.01), Bolata (24.69), Asparuhovo - Varna (24.33) and Slanchev bryag (24.09). On the other hand, the dune systems at Ropotamo and Lipite were rated with the lowest  CDI  – 0.95 and 1.2. Dunes are sensitive habitats and require minimal anthropogenic impact, which requires the intensification of the use of high-resolution remote sensing methods for litter mapping. The quality of the presented data and the results obtained outline drones as a future primary tool for beach and dune surveys.

﻿A baseline assessment of anthropogenic macrolitter on dunes along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast using visual census and Unmanned Aerial Systems

A baseline assessment of anthropogenic macrolitter on dunes along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast using visual census and Unmanned Aerial Systems