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We present phylogenetic analyses of the fruticose   Ramalinaceae   based on extensive collections from many parts of the world, with a special focus on the Vizcaíno deserts in north-western Mexico and the coastal desert in Namibia. We generate a four-locus DNA sequence dataset for accessions of    Ramalina    and two additional loci for    Niebla    and    Vermilacinia   . Four genera are strongly supported: the subcosmopolitan    Ramalina   , the new genus    Namibialina    endemic to SW Africa, and a duo formed by    Niebla    and    Vermilacinia   , endemic to the New World except the sorediate    V.   zebrina    that disjunctly occurs in Namibia. The latter three genera are restricted to coastal desert and chaparral where vegetation depends on moisture from ocean fog.    Ramalina    is subcosmopolitan and much more diverse in its ecology.We show that    Ramalina    and its sister genus    Namibialina    diverged from each other at c. 48 Myrs, whereas    Vermilacinia    and    Niebla    split at c. 30 Myrs. The phylogeny of the fruticose genera remains unresolved to their ancestral crustose genera.Species delimitation within    Namibialina    and    Ramalina    is rather straightforward. The phylogeny and taxonomy of    Vermilacinia    are fully resolved, except for the two youngest clades of corticolous taxa, and support current taxonomy, including four new taxa described here. Secondary metabolite variation in    Niebla    generally coincides with major clades which are comprised of species complexes with still unresolved phylogenetic relationships. A micro-endemism pattern of allopatric species is strongly suspected for both genera, except for the corticolous taxa within    Vermilacinia   . Both    Niebla    and saxicolous    Vermilacinia    have chemotypes unique to species clades that are largely endemic to the Vizcaíno deserts.The following new taxa are described:    Namibialina    gen. nov.  with    N.   melanothrix    ( comb. nov. ) as type species, a single new species of    Ramalina    (   R.   krogiae   ) and four new species of    Vermilacinia    (   V.   breviloba   ,    V.   lacunosa   ,    V.   pustulata    and    V.   reticulata   ). The new combination    V.   granulans    is introduced. Two epithets are re-introduced for European    Ramalina    species:    R.   crispans    (=    R.   peruviana    auct. eur.) and    R.   rosacea    (=    R.   bourgeana    auct. p.p). A lectotype is designated for    Vermilacinia   procera   . A key to saxicolous species of    Vermilacinia    is presented.

The fruticose genera in the Ramalinaceae ( Ascomycota , Lecanoromycetes ): their diversity and evolutionary history