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The activity of the pine wood nematode    Bursaphelenchus   xylophilus    leads to extremely serious economic, ecological and social losses in East Asia. The nematode causes pine wilt disease, which is currently regarded as the most important forest disease in China. The pathogenic nematode feeds on dendrocola fungi to complete its cycle of infection. As the vector of the nematode, the Japanese pine sawyer (   Monochamus   alternatus   ) also carries dendrocola fungi. Pine woods, infected by    B.   xylophilus    and tunnelled by    M.   alternatus   , are also inhabited by ophiostomatoid fungi. These fungi are well known for their association with many bark and ambrosia beetles. They can cause sapstain and other serious tree diseases. The aims of our study were to investigate and identify the ophiostomatoid communities associated with the epidemic pine wood nematode and the pine sawyer in    Pinus   massoniana    and    P.   thunbergii    forests, which are the main hosts of the pine wood nematode in China. Two hundred and forty strains of ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from nematode and sawyer–infected trees in the coastal Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces, representing newly and historically infected areas, respectively. Six ophiostomatoid species were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and molecular data. For the latter, DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) region and partial b-tubulin gene were examined. The ophiostomatoid species included one known species,    Ophiostoma   ips   , three novel species, viz.    Ophiostoma   album    sp. nov. ,    Ophiostoma   massoniana    sp. nov.  and    Sporothrix   zhejiangensis    sp. nov.  and two species whose identities are still uncertain,   Ophiostoma   cf.   deltoideosporum   and   Graphilbum   cf.   rectangulosporium  , due to the paucity of the materials obtained. The ophiostomatoid community was dominated by    O.   ips   . This study revealed that a relatively high species diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi are associated with pine infected by    B.   xylophilus    and    M.   alternatus    in China.

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Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with pines infected by    Bursaphelenchus   xylophilus    and    Monochamus   alternatus    in China, including three new species