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Gonatoxia   helleri    Hemp, 2016 is one of the most widespread bush-crickets of the genus    Gonatoxia    Karsch, 1889 in East Africa. This species with seven large chromosomes (2n♂ = 7) differs from other representatives of the genus    Gonatoxia    drastically by its reduced chromosome number, the asymmetrical karyotype including karyomorphs rarely found in tettigoniids, as well as in irregularities in the course of meiosis. To better understand the origin of such an exceptional karyotype, chromosomes of 29 specimens from four populations/localities were studied using classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation, fluorochrome double staining and fluorescence  in situ  hybridization ( FISH ) technique with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)  n   telomeric probes.  FISH  showed many 18S rDNA loci as well as interstitial telomeric sequences, where chromosome morphology varied in these components in terms of quantity and distribution. The 18S rDNA loci coincided with active  NORs  and C-banding patterns. We suggest that a combination of Robertsonian rearrangements and/or multiple common tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes contributed to the formation of this karyotype/karyomorphs. The results are the first step towards a better understanding of chromosomal reorganization and evolution within the genus    Gonatoxia   . Low chromosome number, together with the incidence of chromosomal polymorphism that is higher in    G.   helleri    than previously reported in bush-crickets, implies that this species can be a valuable new model for cytogenetic and speciation studies. Our findings suggest that chromosomal translocations lead to diversification and speciation in this species and could be the driving force of adaptive radiation.

Rapid chromosomal evolution in the bush-cricket Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 ( Orthoptera , Phaneropterinae )