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Far-infrared polarized emission by means of magnetically aligned dust grainsis an excellent tracer of the magnetic fields (B-fields) in the cold phase ofthe galactic outflows in starburst galaxies. We present a comprehensive studyof the B-fields in three nearby ($3.5$-$17.2$ Mpc) starbursts (M82, NGC 253,and NGC 2146) at $5$ pc-$1.5$ kpc resolutions using publicly available$53$-$890$ $\mu$m imaging polarimetric observations with SOFIA/HAWC+,JCMT/POL-2, and ALMA. We find that the polarized spectral energy distributions(SEDs) of the full galaxies are dominated by the polarized SEDs of the outflowswith dust temperatures of $T_{\rm{d,outflow}}^{\rm{PI}}\sim45$ K and emissiveindex of $\beta_{\rm{outflow}}^{\rm{PI}}\sim2.3$. The disks are characterizedby low $T_{\rm{d,disk}}^{\rm{PI}}=[24,31]$ K and$\beta_{\rm{disk}}^{\rm{PI}}\sim1$. We show that disk- and outflow-dominatedgalaxies can be better distinguished by using polarized SEDs instead of totalSEDs. We compute the $53$-$850$ $\mu$m polarization spectrum of the disk andoutflow and find that dust models of the diffuse ISM can reproduce the fairlyconstant polarization spectrum of the disk, $\langle P_{\rm{disk}}\rangle=1.2\pm0.5$%. The dust models of heterogenous clouds and two temperaturecomponents are required to explain the polarization spectrum of the outflow($2$-$4$% at $53$ $\mu$m, $\sim1$% at $850$ $\mu$m, and a minimum within$89$-$154$ $\mu$m). We conclude that the polarized dust grains in the outflowarise from a dust population with higher dust temperature and emissivities thanthose from the total flux. The B-fields of the outflows have maximum extensionswithin $89$-$214$ $\mu$m reaching heights of $\sim4$ kpc, and flatter polarizedfluxes than total fluxes. The extension of the B-field permeating thecircumgalactic medium increases with increasing the star formation rate.

The magnetic fields of starburst galaxies. I. Identification and characterization of the thermal polarization in the galactic disk and outflow