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Pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments are becoming increasingly sensitive togravitational waves (GWs) in the nanohertz frequency range, where the mainastrophysical sources are supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), which areexpected to form following galaxy mergers. Some of these individual SMBHBs maypower active galactic nuclei, and thus their binary parameters could beobtained electromagnetically, which makes it possible to apply electromagnetic(EM) information to aid the search for a GW signal in PTA data. In this work,we investigate the effects of such an EM-informed search on binary detectionand parameter estimation by performing mock data analyses on simulated PTAdatasets. We find that by applying EM priors, the Bayes factor of some injectedsignals with originally marginal or sub-threshold detectability (i.e., Bayesfactor $\sim 1$) can increase by a factor of a few to an order of magnitude,and thus an EM-informed targeted search is able to find hints of a signal whenan uninformed search fails to find any. Additionally, by combining EM and GWdata, one can achieve an overall improvement in parameter estimation,regardless of the source's sky location or GW frequency. We discuss theimplications for the multi-messenger studies of SMBHBs with PTAs.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Multi-messenger Approaches to Supermassive Black Hole Binary Detection  and Parameter Estimation: Implications for Nanohertz Gravitational Wave  Searches with Pulsar Timing Arrays