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Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most explosive phenomena in the Universeafter the Big Bang. A large fraction of GRB lightcurves (LCs) shows X-rayplateaus. We perform the most comprehensive analysis of all GRBs (with knownand unknown redshifts) with plateau emission observed by The Neil Gehrels SwiftObservatory from its launch until August 2019. We fit 455 LCs showing a plateauand explore whether these LCs follow closure relations, relations between thetemporal and spectral indices of the afterglow, corresponding to 2 distinctastrophysical environments and cooling regimes within the external forwardshock (ES) model, and find that the ES model works for the majority of cases.The most favored environments are a constant density interstellar or windmedium with slow cooling. We also confirm the existence of the fundamentalplane relation between the rest-frame time and luminosity at the end of theplateau emission and the peak prompt luminosity for this enlarged sample, andtest this relation on groups corresponding to the astrophysical environments ofour known redshift sample. The plane becomes a crucial discriminantcorresponding to these environments in terms of the best fitting parameters anddispersions. Most GRBs for which the closure relations are fulfilled withrespect to astrophysical environments have an intrinsic scatter sigmacompatible within 1 sigma of that of the Gold GRBs, a subset of long GRBs withrelatively flat plateaus. We also find that GRBs satisfying closure relationsindicating a fast cooling regime have a lower sigma than ever previously foundin literature.

On the investigation of the closure relations for Gamma-Ray Bursts observed by Swift in the post-plateau phase and the GRB fundamental plane