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The observational detection of a localized reduction in the small planetoccurrence rate, sometimes termed a 'gap', is an exciting discovery because ofthe implications for planet evolutionary history. This gap appears to define atransition region in which sub-Neptune planets are believed to have lost theirH/He envelope, potentially by photoevaporation or core powered mass loss, andhave thus been transformed into bare cores terrestrial planets. Here weinvestigate the transition between sub-Neptunes and super-Earths using a realsample of observed small close-in planets and applying envelope evolutionmodels of the H/He envelope together with the mass-radius diagram and aphotoevaporation model. We find that photoevaporation can explain the H/Heenvelope loss of most super-Earths in 100Myr, although an additional lossmechanism appears necessary in some planets. We explore the possibility thatthese planets families have different core mass and find a continuum in theprimordial population of the strongly irradiated super-Earths and thesub-Neptunes. Our analysis also shows that close-orbiting sub-Neptunes with R <3.5 R_oplus typically lose ~ 30% of their primordial envelope.

The evolutionary track of H/He envelope in the observed population of sub-Neptunes and Super-Earths planets