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Advanced LIGO's second observing run (O2), conducted from November 30, 2016to August 25, 2017, combined with Advanced Virgo's first observations in August2017 witnessed the birth of gravitational-wave multi-messenger astronomy. Thefirst ever gravitational-wave detection from the coalescence of two neutronstars, GW170817, and its gamma-ray counterpart, GRB 170817A, led to anelectromagnetic follow-up of the event at an unprecedented scale. Several teamsfrom across the world searched for EM/neutrino counterparts to GW170817, pavingthe way for the discovery of optical, X-ray, and radio counterparts. In thisarticle, we describe the online identification of gravitational-wave transientsand the distribution of gravitational-wave alerts by the LIGO and Virgocollaborations during O2. We also describe the gravitational-wave observableswhich were sent in the alerts to enable searches for their counterparts.Finally, we give an overview of the online candidate alerts shared withobserving partners during O2. Alerts were issued for 14 candidates, six ofwhich have been confirmed as gravitational-wave events associated with themerger of black holes or neutron stars. Eight of the 14 alerts were issued lessthan an hour after data acquisition.

Low-Latency Gravitational Wave Alerts for Multi-Messenger Astronomy During the Second Advanced LIGO and Virgo Observing Run