English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The Carrington storm (September 1/2, 1859) is one of the largest magneticstorms ever observed and it has caused global auroral displays in low-latitudeareas, together with a series of multiple magnetic storms during August 28 andSeptember 4, 1859. In this study, we revisit contemporary auroral observationrecords to extract information on their elevation angle, color, and directionto investigate this stormy interval in detail. We first examine theirequatorward boundary of "auroral emission with multiple colors" based ondescriptions of elevation angle and color. We find that their locations were36.5 deg ILAT on August 28/29 and 32.7 deg ILAT on September 1/2, suggestingthat trapped electrons moved to, at least, L~1.55 and L~1.41, respectively. Theequatorward boundary of "purely red emission" was likely located at 30.8 degILAT on September 1/2. If "purely red emission" was a stable auroral red arc,it would suggest that trapped protons moved to, at least, L~1.36. Thisreconstruction with observed auroral emission regions provides conservativeestimations of magnetic storm intensities. We compare the auroral records withmagnetic observations. We confirm that multiple magnetic storms occurred duringthis stormy interval, and that the equatorward expansion of the auroral oval isconsistent with the timing of magnetic disturbances. It is possible that theAugust 28/29 interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) cleared out theinterplanetary medium, making the ICMEs for the Carrington storm on September1/2 more geoeffective.

Low-Latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859