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Heat flux suppression in collisionless plasmas for a large range of plasma$\beta$ is explored using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with astrong, sustained thermal gradient. We find that a transition takes placebetween whistler-dominated (high-$\beta$) and double-layer-dominated(low-$\beta$) heat flux suppression. Whistlers saturate at small amplitude inthe low beta limit and are unable to effectively suppress the heat flux.Electrostatic double layers suppress the heat flux to a mostly constant factorof the free streaming value once this transition happens. The double layerphysics is an example of ion-electron coupling and occurs on a scale of roughlythe electron Debye length. The scaling of ion heating associated with thevarious heat flux driven instabilities is explored over the full range of$\beta$ explored. The range of plasma-$\beta$s studied in this work makes itrelevant to the dynamics of a large variety of astrophysical plasmas, includingthe intracluster medium of galaxy clusters, hot accretion flows, stellar andaccretion disk coronae, and the solar wind.

Wave generation and heat flux suppression in astrophysical plasma systems