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ALMA has found multiple dust gaps and rings in a number of protoplanetarydisks in continuum emission at millimeter wavelengths. The origin of suchstructures is in debate. Recently, we documented how one super-Earth planet canopen multiple (up to five) dust gaps in a disk with low viscosity($\alpha\lesssim10^{-4}$). In this paper, we examine how the positions, depths,and total number of gaps opened by one planet depend on input parameters, andapply our results to real systems. Gap locations (equivalently, spacings) arethe easiest metric to use when making comparisons between theory andobservations, as positions can be robustly measured. We fit the locations ofgaps empirically as functions of planet mass and disk aspect ratio. We findthat the locations of the double gaps in HL Tau and TW Hya, and of all threegaps in HD 163296, are consistent with being opened by a sub-Saturn massplanet. This scenario predicts the locations of other gaps in HL Tau and TWHya, some of which appear consistent with current observations. We also showhow the Rossby wave instability may develop at the edges of several gaps andresult in multiple dusty vortices, all caused by one planet. A planet as low inmass as Mars may produce multiple dust gaps in the terrestrial planet formingregion.

Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems