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We present a study of the origin of one interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) that lacked an easily identifiable signature of an associated progenitor coronal mass ejection (CME) near the Sun in the observations of SOHO/LASCO at the L1 point. We consider these kinds of ICMEs as problematic, as they pose the difficulty of understanding the Sun–Earth connection and providing space weather warnings; understanding the causes of problematic ICMEs is important for space weather forecasting. This study presents the first detailed analysis of a geoeffective problematic ICME that occurred on 2011 May 28, whose progenitor CMEs are difficult to identify in LASCO images, but fortunately they were captured by SECCHI on board the STEREO spacecraft in the quadrature configuration. There are two progenitor CMEs launching from the Sun in succession of 8 hours. We apply the graduated cylindrical shell model to reconstruct the 3D geometry, propagating direction, velocity, and brightness of the two CMEs. The main cause of the first CME (CME-1) invisible in SOHO/LASCO is due to its low mass; that is, when the CME emerges above the occulter, its brightness is as faint as the noise. The second CME (CME-2) is small, including a narrow angular width and a small cross-section of the magnetic flux rope. Even though propagating toward the Earth, CME-2 appeared as a narrow CME instead of as a halo or partial halo CME in the LASCO field of view. We also show that CME-2 propagates faster than CME-1, and that they might have interacted in the interplanetary space.

Observational Study of an Earth-affecting Problematic ICME from STEREO