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Interferometric imaging now achieves angular resolutions as fine as 10microarcsec, probing scales that are inaccessible to single telescopes.Traditional synthesis imaging methods require calibrated visibilities; however,interferometric calibration is challenging, especially at high frequencies.Nevertheless, most studies present only a single image of their data after aprocess of "self-calibration," an iterative procedure where the initial imageand calibration assumptions can significantly influence the final image. Wepresent a method for efficient interferometric imaging directly using onlyclosure amplitudes and closure phases, which are immune to station-basedcalibration errors. Closure-only imaging provides results that are asnon-committal as possible and allows for reconstructing an image independentlyfrom separate amplitude and phase self-calibration. While closure-only imagingeliminates some image information (e.g., the total image flux density and theimage centroid), this information can be recovered through a small number ofadditional constraints. We demonstrate that closure-only imaging can producehigh fidelity results, even for sparse arrays such as the Event HorizonTelescope, and that the resulting images are independent of the level ofsystematic amplitude error. We apply closure imaging to VLBA and ALMA data andshow that it is capable of matching or exceeding the performance of traditionalself-calibration and CLEAN for these data sets.

Interferometric Imaging Directly with Closure Phases and Closure Amplitudes