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The fraction of long duration gamma ray bursts (GRBs) without an associatedbright supernovae (SNe) at small redshifts $(z<0.15)$ is comparable to that ofGRBs associated with SNe. We show, that their X-ray afterglow and the X-rayafterglow of most of the nearby $(z<1)$ GRBs without a confirmed associationwith SNe, are well reproduced by the launch of highly relativistic jets in theSN-less birth of millisecond pulsars in neutron star mergers or through phasetransition of neutron stars to quark stars following mass accretion in compactbinaries. Such a large fraction of GRBs with pulsar-like afterglow that extendsto very large redshifts $(z>4)$, however, favors phase transition of neutronstars to quark stars in high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs), rather than merger ofneutron stars, as the origin of SN-less GRBs.

On The Origin of Supernova-Less Long Gamma Ray Bursts