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We explore some of the ramifications arising from superflares on theevolutionary history of Earth, other planets in the Solar system, andexoplanets. We propose that the most powerful superflares can serve asplausible drivers of extinction events, and that their periodicity couldcorrespond to certain patterns in the terrestrial fossil diversity record. Onthe other hand, weaker superflares may play a positive role in enabling theorigin of life through the formation of key organic compounds. Superflarescould also prove to be quite detrimental to the evolution of complex life onpresent-day Mars and exoplanets in the habitable zone of M- and K-dwarfs. Weconclude that the risk posed by superflares has not been sufficientlyappreciated, and that humanity might potentially witness a superflare event inthe next $\sim 10^3$ years leading to devastating economic and technologicallosses. In light of the many uncertainties and assumptions associated with ouranalysis, we recommend that these results should be viewed with due caution.

Risks for life on habitable planets from superflares of their host stars