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Telluric correction of spectroscopic observations is either performed viastandard stars that are observed close in time and airmass along with thescience target, or recently growing in importance, by theoretical telluricabsorption modeling. Both approaches work fine when the telluric lines areresolved, i.e. at spectral resolving power larger than about 10000, and it issufficient to facilitate the detection of spectral features at lowerresolution. However, a meaningful quantitative analysis requires also areliable recovery of line strengths. Here, we show for the Fraunhofer A-band ofmolecular O2 that the standard telluric correction approach fails in this atlower spectral resolutions, as an example for the general problem.Doppler-shift dependent errors of the restored flux may arise, which can amountto more than 50% in extreme cases, depending on the line shapes of the targetspectral features. Two applications are discussed: the recovery of the O2-bandin the reflected light of an Earth analog atmosphere, as facilitatedpotentially in the future using an orbiting starshade and a ground-basedextremely large telescope; and the recovery of the intrinsic ratio of the K Ilines in the post-nova V4332 Sgr tracing the optical depth of the emittingregion, to exemplify the relevance using present-day instrumentation. We showhow one should derive correction functions for the compensation of the error independence of radial velocity shift, spectral resolution and targetline-profile function by use of high resolution atmospheric transmissionmodeling, which has to be solved for the individual case.

the astronomical journal

Refined Telluric Absorption Correction for Low-Resolution Ground-Based  Spectroscopy: Resolution and Radial Velocity Effects in the O2 A-Band for  Exoplanets and K I Emission Lines