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Rotational modulations are observed on brown dwarfs and directly imagedexoplanets, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here, weanalyze Jupiter's rotational light curves at 12 wavelengths from theultraviolet (UV) to the mid-infrared (mid-IR). Peak-to-peak amplitudes ofJupiter's light curves range from sub percent to 4% at most wavelengths, butthe amplitude exceeds 20% at 5 $\rm \mu m$, a wavelength sensing Jupiter's deeptroposphere. Jupiter's rotational modulations are primarily caused by discretepatterns in the cloudless belts instead of the cloudy zones. The light-curveamplitude is dominated by the sizes and brightness contrasts of the Great RedSpot (GRS), expansions of the North Equatorial Belt (NEB), patchy clouds in theNorth Temperate Belt (NTB) and a train of hot spots in the NEB. In reflection,the contrast is controlled by upper tropospheric and stratospheric hazes,clouds, and chromophores in the clouds. In thermal emission, the smallrotational variability is caused by the spatial distribution of temperature andopacities of gas and aerosols; the large variation is caused by the $\rmNH_{3}$ cloud holes and thin-thick clouds. The methane-band light curvesexhibit opposite-shape behavior compared with the UV and visible wavelengths,caused by wavelength-dependent brightness change of the GRS. Light-curveevolution is induced by periodic events in the belts and longitudinal driftingof the GRS and patchy clouds in the NTB. This study suggests severalinteresting mechanisms related to distributions of temperature, gas, hazes, andclouds for understanding the observed rotational modulations on brown dwarfsand exoplanets.

Rotational Light Curves of Jupiter from UV to Mid-Infrared and Implications for Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets