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The hard tick  Ixodes ricinus  is an obligate hematophagous arthropod and the main vector for several zoonotic diseases. The life cycle of this three-host tick species was completed for the first time in vitro by feeding all consecutive life stages using an artificial tick feeding system (ATFS) on heparinized bovine blood supplemented with glucose, adenosine triphosphate, and gentamicin. Relevant physiological parameters were compared to ticks fed on cattle (in vivo). All in vitro feedings lasted significantly longer and the mean engorgement weight of F 0  adults and F 1  larvae and nymphs was significantly lower compared to ticks fed in vivo. The proportions of engorged ticks were significantly lower for in vitro fed adults and nymphs as well, but higher for in vitro fed larvae. F 1 -females fed on blood supplemented with vitamin B had a higher detachment proportion and engorgement weight compared to F 1 -females fed on blood without vitamin B, suggesting that vitamin B supplementation is essential in the artificial feeding of  I. ricinus  ticks previously exposed to gentamicin.

Artificial Feeding of All Consecutive Life Stages of Ixodes ricinus