English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Simple Summary  With the increasing threat that mosquito borne diseases pose to public health, the demand for environmentally sustainable pesticides has been increasing in recent years. Pesticides that target the larval stage (i.e., larvicides) are particularly useful for controlling mosquito populations as they strike at the source. Currently,  Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  israelensis  (BTI) is a commonly used mosquito larvicide but some studies show signs of resistance development. DL-methionine is an essential amino acid that has mosquito larvicidal capabilities, while also having minimal negative effects on non-target organisms in laboratory experiments. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the effect of these two larvicides individually and together at reducing mosquito survival. We found that while DL-methionine was more toxic to  Anopheles quadrimaculatus  than  Aedes aegypti , the opposite was true for BTI. Additionally, when the combination was tested against  An. quadrimaculatus  larvae at higher concentrations the active ingredients were complementary and the effect was equal to both ingredients alone. However, the active ingredients were antagonistic when tested against  Ae. aegypti  larvae. These findings are important as they show the potential for DL-methionine and the combination of DL-methionine with BTI to be used as a larvicide against  Anopheles  mosquitoes, which are responsible for transmitting malaria.    Abstract  Mosquito larvicides can reduce mosquito populations at the source, potentially decreasing biting rates and pathogen transmission. However, there is a growing need for mosquito larvicides that are environmentally sustainable.  Bacillus thuringiensis  subspecies  israelensis  (BTI) is a naturally occurring bacterium commonly used as a larvicide to manage mosquito populations. Methionine is an essential amino acid that has demonstrated toxic properties against larval mosquitoes in laboratory experiments, while having minimal effects on non-target organisms. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for a novel combination larvicide by testing for compatibility between these two active ingredients. We began by determining the lethal concentration values (LCs) of BTI and DL-methionine against  Anopheles quadrimaculatus  Say and  Aedes aegypti  Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. These bioassays were conducted in glass jars and mortality was observed 48 h post-treatment. We found that while DL-methionine was more toxic to  An. quadrimaculatus  than  Ae. aegypti , the opposite was true for BTI. Then, we used these LCs to conduct bioassays with a combination of BTI and DL-methionine to determine the relationship between the two active ingredients when used against  An. quadrimaculatus  and  Ae. aegypti  larvae. The findings of this study demonstrate that BTI and DL-methionine have the potential to be complementary due to their additive properties at higher concentrations and effect levels when tested against  An. quadrimaculatus . However, an antagonistic relationship was detected at the concentrations tested with  Ae. aegypti.  These results are encouraging and imply that a DL-methionine or BTI/DL-methionine combination larvicide could be used in management of  Anopheles  species.

Combining DL-Methionine and Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies israelensis: Prospects for a Mosquito Larvicide