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In the last few years, waste-energy recovery systems based on the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) have gained increased attention in the global energy market as a versatile and sustainable technology for thermo-electric energy conversion from low-to-medium temperature sources, up to 350 °C. For a long time, water has been the only working fluid commercially adopted in powerplants: axial and, for smaller machines, radial inflow turbines have been the preferred expanders since their gulp capacity matches the ρ-T curve of water steam. The density of most organic compounds displays extremely large variations during the expansion (and the volume flow rate correspondingly increases along the machine channels), so that Radial Outflow Turbines (ROTs) have been recently considered instead of traditional solutions. This work proposes a two-dimensional inviscid model for the stage optimization of a counter-rotating ROT, known as the Ljungström turbine. The study starts by considering five different working fluids that satisfy both the gulp requirements of the turbine and the hot source characteristics. On the basis of a limited number of geometric assumptions and for a fixed set of operating conditions, different kinematic parameters are optimized to obtain the most efficient cascade configuration. Moreover, as shown in the conclusions, the most efficient blade profile leads to higher friction losses, making further investigation regarding the best configuration necessary.

Optimal Design of a Ljungström Turbine for ORC Power Plants: From a 2D model to a 3D CFD Validation