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As smartphones become widespread, a variety of smartphone applications are being developed. This paper proposes a method for indoor localization (i.e., positioning) that uses only smartphones, which are general-purpose mobile terminals, as reference point devices. This method has the following features: (a) the localization system is built with smartphones whose movements are confined to respective limited areas. No fixed reference point devices are used; (b) the method does not depend on the wireless performance of smartphones and does not require information about the propagation characteristics of the radio waves sent from reference point devices, and (c) the method determines the location at the application layer, at which location information can be easily incorporated into high-level services. We have evaluated the level of localization accuracy of the proposed method by building a software emulator that modeled an underground shopping mall. We have confirmed that the determined location is within a small area in which the user can find target objects visually

A Reference Point Construction Method Using Mobile Terminals and the Indoor Localization Evaluation in the Centroid Method