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The present study proposes a novel method, i.e., combined severe shot peening (SP) and reversion annealing treatment, to grain-refine the surface layers of 304L austenitic stainless steel. Steel specimens were shot-peened at 0.7 MPa for 30 min, introducing 40% vol. α′ martensite, and then were annealed at 700 or 800 °C for different durations (30 s). As annealing reversed α′ martensite to austenite, the obtained surface layers consist of fully austenitic ultrafine grains. The smallest grain size obtained is about 500 nm at the top surface. SP elevates the microhardness to more than 500 HV. Although the grain-refined surface layers produced by the combined method are not as hard as that treated by only SP, they are harder (e.g., the specimen annealed at 700 °C for 30 s using a heating rate of 50 °C/s exhibited a peak microhardness of 400 HV) than the untreated surface layer (225 HV) due to grain refinement. Moreover, due to the absence of α′ martensite, they have higher corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution than that treated by only SP.

Surface Grain Refinement of 304L Stainless Steel by Combined Severe Shot Peening and Reversion Annealing Treatment