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Simple Summary  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and solitary brain metastasis (SBM) are common brain tumors in adults. The two tumors often pose a diagnostic dilemma owing to their similar features on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ability to discriminate the two tumors is critical as it informs clinical treatment strategies. This pilot study attempts to employ the machine learning technique to identify GBM and SBM by fusing radiomics features of multiple MRI sequences and multiple models. A multiparametric MR-based RadioFusionOmics (RFO) model was developed and has demonstrated promising prediction accuracy for the identifications of GBM and SBM.    Abstract  This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a novel RFO model in differentiating GBM and SBM with multiparametric MR sequences collected from 244 (131 GBM and 113 SBM) patients. Three basic volume of interests (VOIs) were delineated on the conventional axial MR images (T 1 WI, T 2 WI, T 2 _FLAIR, and CE_T 1 WI), including volumetric non-enhanced tumor (nET), enhanced tumor (ET), and peritumoral edema (pTE). Using the RFO model, radiomics features extracted from different multiparametric MRI sequence(s) and VOI(s) were fused and the best sequence and VOI, or possible combinations, were determined. A multi-disciplinary team (MDT)-like fusion was performed to integrate predictions from the high-performing models for the final discrimination of GBM vs. SBM. Image features extracted from the volumetric ET (VOI ET ) had dominant predictive performances over features from other VOI combinations. Fusion of VOI ET  features from the T 1 WI and T 2 _FLAIR sequences via the RFO model achieved a discrimination accuracy of AUC = 0.925, accuracy = 0.855, sensitivity = 0.856, and specificity = 0.853, on the independent testing cohort 1, and AUC = 0.859, accuracy = 0.836, sensitivity = 0.708, and specificity = 0.919 on the independent testing cohort 2, which significantly outperformed three experienced radiologists ( p  = 0.03, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.01, and  p  = 0.02, 0.01, 0.45, and 0.02, respectively) and the MDT-decision result of three experienced experts ( p  = 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.02, and  p  = 0.03, 0.02, 0.44, and 0.03, respectively).

A Multiparametric MR-Based RadioFusionOmics Model with Robust Capabilities of Differentiating Glioblastoma Multiforme from Solitary Brain Metastasis