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The herbicide fomesafen has the advantages of low toxicity and high selectivity, and the target of this compound is protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4). However, this herbicide has a long residual period and can have phytotoxic effects on succeeding crops. To protect maize from fomesafen, a series of thiazole phenoxypyridines were designed based on structure-activity relationships, active substructure combinations, and bioisosterism. Bioassays showed that thiazole phenoxypyridines could improve maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stress to varying degrees at a dose of 10 mg·kg -1 . Compound 4i exhibited the best effects. After being treated by compound 4i , average recovery rates of growth index exceeded 72%, glutathione content markedly increased by 167% and glutathione S-transferase activity was almost 163% of fomesafen-treated group. More importantly, after being treated by compound 4i , the activity of PPO, the main target enzyme of fomesafen, recovered to 93% of the control level. The molecular docking result exhibited that the compound 4 i could compete with fomesafen to bind with the herbicide target enzyme, which consequently attained the herbicide detoxification. The present work suggests that compound 4i could be developed as a potential safener to protect maize from fomesafen.

Novel Thiazole Phenoxypyridine Derivatives Protect Maize from Residual Pesticide Injury Caused by PPO-Inhibitor Fomesafen