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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging as nanomaterials with a wide range of biomedical applications, including their potential use for neuroprosthesis (Bekyarova et al., 2005). Thus, an understanding of how CNTs interact with cellular components of the brain is important for engineering of CNT-based devices. The conductive properties and nanoscale features of CNTs make them better suited as an interface with neurons for stimulating and recording neural activity than the conventional bare metal-based electrodes (Keefer et al., 2008). Neurons cultured on CNT substrates showed enhanced neuronal electrical activity (Lovat et al., 2005; Mazzatenta et al., 2007) suggesting an intimate interaction between neurons and CNTs. A recent study by Cellot et al. (2009) investigates the nature of CNT–neuron interactions and proposes a mechanism in which CNTs can boost neuronal activity by providing a shortcut for electrical coupling between somatic and dendritic neuronal compartments. Cellot and colleagues performed wholecell patch clamp experiments on hippocampal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons cultured on planar CNT substrates deposited onto glass coverslips. They used a pharmacological approach to block neuronal network activity. Cultured neurons were bathed in 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and gabazine to inhibit glutamatergic and gamma-amino-butyric acid-ergic synaptic transmission, respectively. This approach allowed for investigation of electrogenic properties of patch-clamped neurons since the endogenous, as opposed to input/synaptically driven, electrical excitability of cells remained intact. To study the contribution of CNTs to neuronal electrical regenerative properties, the whole-cell current-clamped single neurons were stimulated to discharge a train of six spikes/action potentials (APs), at frequencies ranging from 20 to 100 Hz. The post-train changes in neuronal membrane potentials were recorded and analyzed. The integrated membrane potential changes occurring within a 100-ms window starting 50 ms after the last AP of the train were categorized as: (a) after depolarization potential (ADP), (b) neutral response (NR), or (c) after hyperpolarization potential (AHP) (Table 1). Interestingly, hippocampal neurons grown on CNT-coated glass coverslips displayed a distribution of posttrain responses biased towards ADP when compared to the distribution obtained from neurons cultured on plain glass coverslips (Table 1). After depolarization potential represents an electrical excitability based on dendro-somatic electrical coupling arising from summation of dendritic Ca2+

Wiring neurons with carbon nanotubes