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Prosobranch snails and adult Paramphistomoidea flukes were collected from water bodies and cattle abattoir located in Mpumalanga province of South Africa, respectively. The snails were identified based on morphological characters as well as the ITS-2 and 16S markers as  Melanoides  sp. and  Tarebia granifera , respectively, and the Paramphistomoidea flukes were identified as  Calicophoron microbothrium  using the ITS-1/5.8S/ITS-2 marker. After confirming identification, the snails were bred to first filial generation (F1) under laboratory conditions. Ninety snails were randomly selected from the laboratory-bred F1 snails and 25  Melanoides  sp. and 20  T. granifera  were exposed to  C. microbothrium  miracidia, and the same numbers were maintained as non-exposed controls. Results showed that  C. microbothrium  successfully established in  Melanoides  sp. and produced cercariae, and the prepatent period recorded was 21 days. Three snails shed cercariae at day 21 postexposure (PE), and rediae and free cercariae were detected in the soft tissues of one snail on dissection at day 44 PE. The same fluke did not establish in  T. granifera .  Melanoides  sp. started producing offspring at day 7 PE, and  T. granifera  at day 14 PE. In conclusion, our results showed that  Melanoides  sp. used in this study is a suitable intermediate host for  C. microbothrium  under experimental conditions, and given the wide distribution of this snail species, it is important to determine its role in the natural transmission of other  Calicophoron  species that have been reported in South Africa.

frontiers in veterinary science

Are Freshwater Snails, Melanoides sp. and Invasive Tarebia granifera (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) Suitable Intermediate Hosts for Calicophoron microbothrium (Trematoda: Paramphistomoidea)? An Experimental Study