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Background:  Fractures of the calcaneus are severe injuries of the hindfoot, mostly resulting from high-energy axial loads, which still present enormous challenges to modern trauma surgery. Possible variables influencing the outcome are the type of fracture, age, and quality of fracture reduction. These might also be factors affecting the self-reported patient outcome, but large studies are still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the patient-reported outcome of calcaneal fractures following operative and conservative treatment.   Methods:  All patients suffering from calcaneal fractures between 2002 and 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. The calcaneal fractures were classified according to Sanders and the AO classification system. For further analysis, two groups were formed: group I involved complex intra-articular fractures defined by the involvement of the posterior calcaneal facet, while group II consisted of extra-articular and process calcaneal fractures. Data were collected  via  the patient registry, radiographs, and a standardized questionnaire (Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, FAOS). For outcome analysis, non-parametric Mann–Whitney  U -test was performed, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated.   Results:  In total, the functional outcome of 79 patients with calcaneal fractures was analyzed. In group 1 ( n  = 43), the mean FAOS score was 65.5 ± 18.9. The surgically treated patients with a Sanders type II calcaneal fracture had a mean FAOS score of 72.9 ± 17.2, type III fractures had 65.6 ± 20.8, and type IV had 61.1 ± 19 ( p  = 0.15). The reoperation rate was 22%, most frequently caused by wound complications (10%). The mean follow-up time was 64.5 ± 44 months. The mean FAOS score of group 2 ( n  = 36) was 75.2 ± 18.4, and 83% of the patients (=30) were managed conservatively. Only one out of six operatively managed patients had a reoperation due to regular implant removal. The mean follow-up time was 31 ± 25.9 months.   Conclusion:  Intra-articular calcaneal fractures are severe injuries of the hindfoot leading to a fair to poor functional outcome in the majority of the patients. Complications regarding wound healing are the most common causes for revisional surgery. Extra-articular calcaneal fractures are a heterogenous entity commonly managed non-operatively. Overall, they show a better functional outcome in comparison to intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

frontiers in surgery

Patient-Reported Outcome Following Operative and Conservative Treatment of Calcaneal Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis of 79 Patients at Short- to Midterm Follow-Up