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The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI3) ionosphere/plasmasphere code is used to examine H + , He + , N + , and O +  thermal outflows during a storm. Here, H +  and He +  outflows are associated with refilling while O +  and N +  outflows are associated with ring current heating. An improved model of counterstreaming H +  outflows from the two hemispheres is presented, using an implementation of SAMI3 with two fluid species for H + . The two-fluid H +  model avoids nonphysical high-altitude “top-down refilling” density peaks seen in one-fluid H +  simulations. Counterstreaming cold ion populations are found in all cases. In these fully three-dimensional simulations with realistic magnetosphere boundary conditions, nonphysical top-down refilling density peaks were milder than those found in previous single-field-line or single-magnetic-longitude simulations. In the present two-fluid H +  case, “bottom-up refilling” density peaks were so mild as to be difficult to detect. For O +  and N + , the nonphysical high-altitude density peak is a brief (1–2 h) transient that occurs when heating-driven northward and southward flows first meet. In general, He +  outflows mimic H +  outflows while N +  outflows mimic O +  outflows.

Counterstreaming Cold H+, He+, O+, and N+ Outflows in the Plasmasphere