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Formation of mineral-associated organic matters is essential for long-term soil organic carbon preservation. However, the regulation pathways of mineral-associated organic matters in soils remains largely undescribed, especially at the submicron scale. Using a well-controlled long-term (32 years) field experiment at the Jiangxi Institute of Red Soils, Jinxian, China, we showed that long-term manure fertilization significantly ( P  &amp;lt; 0.05) increased the available Al and Fe concentrations over one order of magnitude in soil water dispersible colloids compared to no fertilization and chemical fertilization. Nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) images and region of interest (ROI) analysis provided direct evidence demonstrating that long-term manure fertilization increased the  27 Al 16 O − / 12 C − ,  27 Al 16 O − / 12 C 14 N − ,  56 Fe 16 O − / 12 C − , and  56 Fe 16 O − / 12 C 14 N −  ratios compared to no fertilization and chemical fertilization. This finding revealed that long-term manure fertilization may potentially enhance the stability of organic carbon and nitrogen. Synchrotron radiation based FTIR spectromicroscopy further supported that secondary minerals (&amp;lt;950 cm −1 ) were co-localized with amines, lipids, and proteins in the long-term manure fertilization, but only co-localized with proteins in the no fertilization and chemical fertilization. To summarize, our findings highlight the importance of manure inputs in increasing formation of mineral-associated organic matters and thus potentially increasing soil carbon persistence.

Visualizing Mineral-Associated Organic Matters in Long-Term Fertilization Treated Soils by NanoSIMS and SR-FTIR