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Satellite measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) require careful validation. In particular for the greenhouse gases CO 2  and CH 4 , concentration gradients are minute challenging the ultimate goal to quantify and monitor anthropogenic emissions and natural surface-atmosphere fluxes. The upcoming European Copernicus Carbon Monitoring mission (CO2M) will focus on anthropogenic CO 2  emissions, but it will also be able to measure CH 4 . There are other missions such as the Sentinel-5 Precursor and the Sentinel-5 series that target CO which helps attribute the CO 2  and CH 4  variations to specific processes. Here, we review the capabilities and use cases of a mobile ground-based sun-viewing spectrometer of the type EM27/SUN. We showcase the performance of the mobile system for measuring the column-average dry-air mole fractions of CO 2  (XCO 2 ), CH 4  (XCH 4 ) and CO (XCO) during a recent deployment (Feb./Mar. 2021) in the vicinity of Japan on research vessel Mirai which adds to our previous campaigns on ships and road vehicles. The mobile EM27/SUN has the potential to contribute to the validation of 1) continental-scale background gradients along major ship routes on the open ocean, 2) regional-scale gradients due to continental outflow across the coast line, 3) urban or other localized emissions as mobile part of a regional network and 4) emissions from point sources. Thus, operationalizing the mobile EM27/SUN along these use cases can be a valuable asset to the validation activities for CO2M, in particular, and for various upcoming satellite missions in general.

Versatile and Targeted Validation of Space-Borne XCO2, XCH4 and XCO Observations by Mobile Ground-Based Direct-Sun Spectrometers