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( R , S )-ketamine is an  N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that was originally developed as an anesthetic. Most recently, ( R , S )-ketamine has been used as a rapid-acting antidepressant, and we have reported that ( R , S )-ketamine can also be a prophylactic against stress in adult mice. However, most pre-clinical studies have been performed in adult mice. It is still unknown how an acute ( R , S )-ketamine injection influences behavior across the lifespan (e.g., to adolescent or aged populations). Here, we administered saline or ( R , S )-ketamine at varying doses to adolescent (5-week-old) and aged (24-month-old) 129S6/SvEv mice of both sexes. One hour later, behavioral despair, avoidance, locomotion, perseverative behavior, or contextual fear discrimination (CFD) was assessed. A separate cohort of mice was sacrificed 1 h following saline or ( R , S )-ketamine administration. Brains were processed to quantify the marker of inflammation Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) expression to determine whether the acute effects of ( R , S )-ketamine were partially mediated by changes in brain inflammation. Our findings show that ( R,S )-ketamine reduced behavioral despair and perseverative behavior in adolescent female, but not male, mice and facilitated CFD in both sexes at specific doses. ( R,S )-ketamine reduced Cox-2 expression specifically in ventral CA3 (vCA3) of male mice. Notably, ( R , S )-ketamine was not effective in aged mice. These results underscore the need for sex- and age-specific approaches to test ( R,S )-ketamine efficacy across the lifespan.

Acute (R,S)-Ketamine Administration Induces Sex-Specific Behavioral Effects in Adolescent but Not Aged Mice