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Shared autonomous vehicle services (i. e., automated shuttles, AS) are being deployed globally and may improve older adults ( &amp;gt; 65 years old) mobility, independence, and participation in the community. However, AS must be user friendly and provide safety benefits if older drivers are to accept and adopt this technology. Current potential barriers to their acceptance of AS include a lack of trust in the systems and hesitation to adopt emerging technology.  Technology readiness, perceived ease of use, perceived barriers , and  intention to use  the technology, are particularly important constructs to consider in older adults' acceptance and adoption practices of AS. Likewise, person factors, i.e.,  age, life space mobility, driving habits , and  cognition  predict driving safety among older drivers. However, we are not sure if and how these factors may also predict older adults' intention to use the AS. In the current study, we examined responses from 104 older drivers ( M  age  = 74.3,  SD  age  = 5.9) who completed the Automated Vehicle User Perception Survey (AVUPS) before and after riding in an on-road automated shuttle (EasyMile EZ10). The study participants also provided information through the Technology Readiness Index, Technology Acceptance Measure, Life Space Questionnaire, Driving Habits Questionnaire, Trail-making Test Part A and Part B (TMT A and TMT B). Older drivers' age, cognitive scores (i.e., TMT B), driving habits (i.e., crashes and/or citations, exposure, and difficulty of driving) and life space (i.e., how far older adults venture from their primary dwelling) were entered into four models to predict their acceptance of AVs—operationalized according to the subscales (i.e.,  intention to use, perceived barriers , and  well-being ) and the  total acceptance  score of the AVUPS. Next, a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) elucidated the relationships between,  technology readiness, perceived ease of use, barriers to AV acceptance, life space, crashes and/or citations, driving exposure, driving difficulty, cognition , and  intention to use  AS. The regression models indicated that neither age nor cognition (TMT B) significantly predicted older drivers' perceptions of AVs; but their self-reported  driving difficulty  ( p  = 0.019) predicted their  intention to use  AVs:  R  2  = 6.18%,  F  (2,101) = 4.554,  p  = 0.040. Therefore,  intention to use  was the dependent variable in the subsequent PLS-SEM. Findings from the PLS-SEM ( R  2  = 0.467) indicated the only statistically significant predictors of  intention to use  were  technology readiness  (β =  0.247, CI  =  0.087-0.411)  and  barriers to AV acceptance  (β = − 0.504, CI  =  0.285-0.692) . These novel findings provide evidence suggesting that  technology readiness and barriers  must be better understood if older drivers are to accept and adopt AS.

Predicting Autonomous Shuttle Acceptance in Older Drivers Based on Technology Readiness/Use/Barriers, Life Space, Driving Habits, and Cognition