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Various disease conditions can alter EEG event-related responses and fMRI-BOLD signals. We hypothesized that event-related responses and their clinical alterations are imprinted in the EEG spectral domain as event-related (spatio)spectral patterns (ERSPat). We tested four EEG-fMRI fusion models utilizing EEG power spectra fluctuations (i.e., absolute spectral model - ASM; relative spectral model - RSM; absolute spatiospectral model - ASSM; and relative spatiospectral model - RSSM) for fully automated and blind visualization of task-related neural networks. Two (spatio)spectral patterns (high  δ  4  band and low  β  1  band) demonstrated significant negative linear relationship ( p  FWE  < 0.05) to the frequent stimulus and three patterns (two low  δ  2  and  δ  3  bands, and narrow  θ  1  band) demonstrated significant positive relationship ( p  < 0.05) to the target stimulus. These patterns were identified as ERSPats. EEG-fMRI F-map of each  δ  4  model showed strong engagement of insula, cuneus, precuneus, basal ganglia, sensory-motor, motor and dorsal part of fronto-parietal control (FPCN) networks with fast HRF peak and noticeable trough. ASM and RSSM emphasized spatial statistics, and the relative power amplified the relationship to the frequent stimulus. For the  δ  4  model, we detected a reduced HRF peak amplitude and a magnified HRF trough amplitude in the frontal part of the FPCN, default mode network (DMN) and in the frontal white matter. The frequent-related  β  1  patterns visualized less significant and distinct suprathreshold spatial associations. Each  θ  1  model showed strong involvement of lateralized left-sided sensory-motor and motor networks with simultaneous basal ganglia co-activations and reduced HRF peak and amplified HRF trough in the frontal part of the FPCN and DMN. The ASM  θ  1  model preserved target-related EEG-fMRI associations in the dorsal part of the FPCN. For  δ  4 ,  β  1 , and  θ  1  bands, all models provided high local F-statistics in expected regions. The most robust EEG-fMRI associations were observed for ASM and RSSM.

Blind Visualization of Task-Related Networks From Visual Oddball Simultaneous EEG-fMRI Data: Spectral or Spatiospectral Model?