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Objective:  To assess the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a proteolytic enzyme involved in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and infarct growth and hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the era of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) using the kinetics of MMP-9 and sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).   Methods:  HIBISCUS-STROKE is a cohort study including AIS patients with LVO treated with MT following admission MRI. Patients underwent sequential assessment of MMP-9, follow-up CT at day 1, and MRI at day 6. The CT scan at day 1 classified any hemorrhagic transformation according to the European Co-operative Acute Stroke Study-II (ECASS II) classification. Infarct growth was defined as the difference between final Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery volume and baseline diffusion-weighted imaging volume. Conditional logistic regression analyses were adjusted for main confounding variables including reperfusion status.   Results:  One hundred and forty-eight patients represent the study population. A high MMP-9 level at 6 h from admission (H6) ( p  = 0.02), a high glucose level ( p  = 0.01), a high temperature ( p  = 0.04), and lack of reperfusion ( p  = 0.02) were associated with infarct growth. A high MMP-9 level at H6 ( p  = 0.03), a high glucose level ( p  = 0.03) and a long delay from symptom onset to groin puncture ( p  = 0.01) were associated with hemorrhagic transformation.   Conclusions:  In this MT cohort study, MMP-9 level at H6 predicts infarct growth and hemorrhagic transformation.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Relationship With Infarct Growth and Hemorrhagic Transformation in the Era of Thrombectomy