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Background:  The histone deacetylase (HDAC) family limited accessibility to chromatin containing tumor suppressor genes by removing acetyl groups, which was deemed a path for tumorigenesis. Considering glioma remained one of the most common brain cancers with a dichotomy prognosis and limited therapy responses, HDAC inhibitors were an area of intensive research. However, the expression profiles and prognostic value of the HDACs required more elucidation.   Methods:  Multiple biomedical databases were incorporated, including ONCOMINE, GEPIA, TCGA, CGGA, GEO, TIMER, cBioPortal, and Metascape, to study expression profiles, prognostic value, immune infiltration, mutation status, and enrichment of HDACs in glioma. STRING and GeneMANIA databases were used to identify  HDAC1 -related molecules. LASSO regression, Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier plot, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed for  HDAC1 -related signature construction and validation.   Results:  HDAC1  was significantly overexpressed in glioma, while  HDAC11  was downregulated in glioblastoma. Except for  HDAC 6/9/10 , the HDAC family expression was significantly associated with glioma grade. Most of the HDAC family also correlated with glioma genetic mutations. Higher  HDAC1  expression level predicted more dismal overall survival (OS) ( p  < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (DFS) ( p  < 0.0001), but a higher level of  HDAC11  held more favorable OS ( p  = 2.1e−14) and DFS ( p  = 4.8e−08).  HDAC4  displayed the highest mutation ratio, at 2.6% of the family. The prognostic value of  HDAC1  was validated with ROC achieving 0.70, 0.77, 0.75, and 0.80 as separability for 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-years OS predictions in glioma, respectively. Moreover,  HDAC1  expression positively correlated with neutrophil (r = 0.60,  p  = 2.88e-47) and CD4 +  T cell infiltration (r = 0.52,  p  = 3.96e-35) in lower-grade glioma. The final  HDAC1 -related signature comprised of  FKBP3 ,  HDAC1  (Hazard Ratio:1.49, 95%Confidence Interval:1.20–1.86),  PHF21A ,  RUNX1T1 , and  RBL1 , and was verified by survival analysis ( p  < 0.0001) and ROC with 0.80, 0.84, 0.83, and 0.88 as separability for 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-years OS predictions, respectively. The signature was enriched in chromatin binding.   Conclusion:  HDAC family was of clinical significance for glioma. Most of the HDAC family significantly correlated with the glioma grade,  IDH1  mutation, and  1p/19q  codeletion.  HDAC1  was both a prognostic and immune infiltration indicator and a central component of the  HDAC1 -related signature for precise prognosis prediction in glioma.

frontiers in molecular biosciences

Comprehensive Analysis of HDAC Family Identifies HDAC1 as a Prognostic and Immune Infiltration Indicator and HDAC1-Related Signature for Prognosis in Glioma