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The efficacy and safety of early renal replacement therapy (eRRT) for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) remain controversial. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to perform an up-to-date meta-analysis with the trial sequential analysis (TSA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the therapeutic effect of eRRT on patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). We extensively searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov, Gray Literature Report, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), and conducted an updated search on December 27, 2021. The included studies were RCTs, which compared the efficacy and safety of eRRT and delayed renal replacement therapy (dRRT) on critically ill patients with AKI. We adopted TSA and sensitivity analysis to strengthen the robustness of the results. About 12 RCTs with a total of 5,423 participants were included. Patients receiving eRRT and dRRT had the similar rate of all-cause mortality at day 28 (38.7% vs. 38.9%) [risk ratio (RR), 1.00; 95%CI, 0.93–1.07,  p  = 0.93,  I  2  = 0%,  p  = 0.93]. A sensitivity and subgroup analysis produced similar results for the primary outcome. TSA showed that the required information size was 5,034, and the cumulative  Z -curve crossed trial sequential monitoring boundaries for futility. Patients receiving eRRT had a higher rate of renal replacement therapy (RRT) (RR, 1.50, 95% CI: 1.28–1.76,  p  &amp;lt; 0.00001,  I  2  = 96%), and experienced more adverse events comparing to those receiving dRRT (RR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.22–1.63,  p  &amp;lt; 0.0001, heterogeneity not applied). The most remarkable and important experimental finding is that, to our knowledge, the current meta-analysis included the largest sample size from the RCTs, which were published in the past 10 years to date, show that eRRT had no significant survival benefit for ill patients with AKI compared with dRRT and TSA indicating that no more studies were needed to confirm it.   Trial Registration  INPLASY, INPLASY2020120030. Registered 04 December 2020.

frontiers in medicine

The Efficacy and Safety of Early Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials